Guide to JAXB Annotations

Learn about JAXB annotations in detail along with their usage during marshalling and unmarshalling operations on Java beans.

1. JAXB Annotations

1.1. @XmlRootElement

This maps a class or an enum type to an XML root element. When a top-level class or an enum type is annotated with the @XmlRootElement annotation, then its value is represented as XML element in an XML document.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.PROPERTY)
public class Employee implements Serializable
{
	//More code
}

The above will result into:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<employee>
  //....
</employee>

1.2. @XmlAccessorType

It defines the class fields that the JAXB engine uses for including into generated XML. It has four possible values.

• FIELD – Every non-static, non-transient field in a JAXB-bound class will be automatically bound to XML, unless annotated by XmlTransient.
• NONE – None of the fields or properties is bound to XML unless they are specifically annotated with some of the JAXB annotations.
• PROPERTY – Every getter/setter pair in a JAXB-bound class will be automatically bound to XML, unless annotated by XmlTransient.
• PUBLIC_MEMBER – Every public getter/setter pair and every public field will be automatically bound to XML, unless annotated by XmlTransient.
• Default value is PUBLIC_MEMBER.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
public class Employee implements Serializable
{
	private Integer id;
	private String firstName;
	private String lastName;
}

The above will result into:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<employee>
  <firstName>Lokesh</firstName>
    <id>1</id>
    <lastName>Gupta</lastName>
</employee>

1.3. @XmlAccessorOrder

It controls the ordering of fields and properties in the generated XML. We can have predefined values ALPHABETICAL or UNDEFINED.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
@XmlAccessorOrder(AccessorOrder.ALPHABETICAL)
public class Employee implements Serializable 
{
  private Integer id;
  private String firstName;
  private String lastName;
  private Department department;
}

The above will result into:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<employee>
   <department>
      <id>101</id>
      <name>IT</name>
   </department>
   <firstName>Lokesh</firstName>
   <id>1</id>
   <lastName>Gupta</lastName>
</employee>

1.4. @XmlType

It maps a Java class or enum type to a schema type. It defines the type name, namespace and order of its children. It is used to match the element in the schema to the element in the model.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
@XmlType(propOrder={"id", "firstName" , "lastName", "department" })
public class Employee implements Serializable 
{
  private Integer id;
  private String firstName;
  private String lastName;
  private Department department;
}

1.5. @XmlElement

It maps a JavaBean property to an XML element derived from the property name.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
public class Employee implements Serializable 
{
  @XmlElement(name=employeeId)
  private Integer id;
 
  @XmlElement
  private String firstName;
 
  private String lastName;
  private Department department;
}

The above will result into:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<employee>
  <employeeId>1</employeeId>
    <firstName>Lokesh</firstName>
</employee>

1.6. @XmlAttribute

It maps a JavaBean property to an XML attribute.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
public class Employee implements Serializable 
{
  @XmlAttribute
  private Integer id;
 
  private String firstName;
  private String lastName;
  private Department department;
}

The above will result into:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<employee id="1">
   <department>
      <id>101</id>
      <name>IT</name>
   </department>
   <firstName>Lokesh</firstName>
   <lastName>Gupta</lastName>
</employee>

1.7. @XmlTransient

It prevents the mapping of a JavaBean property/type to XML representation. When placed on a class, it indicates that it shouldn’t be mapped to XML. Properties on such class will be mapped to XML along with its derived classes as if the class is inlined.

@XmlTransient is mutually exclusive with all other JAXB-defined annotations.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
public class Employee implements Serializable 
{
  @XmlTransient
  private Integer id;
 
  private String firstName;
  private String lastName;
  private Department department;
}

The above will result into:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<employee>
   <firstName>Lokesh</firstName>
   <lastName>Gupta</lastName>
   <department>
      <id>101</id>
      <name>IT</name>
   </department>
</employee>

1.8. @XmlValue

It enables mapping a class to an XML Schema complex type with simple content or an XML Schema simple type. It’s more related to schema mapping to model mapping.

1.9. @XmlList

It is used to map a property to a List simple type. It allows multiple values to be represented as whitespace-separated tokens in a single element.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
public class Employee implements Serializable 
{
  private List<String> hobbies;
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<employee>
  <hobbies>Swimming</hobbies>
    <hobbies>Playing</hobbies>
    <hobbies>Karate</hobbies>
</employee>

After using @XmlList, observe the output.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
public class Employee implements Serializable 
{
  @XmlList
  private List<String> hobbies;
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<employee>
  <hobbies>Swimming Playing Karate</hobbies>
</employee>

1.10. @XmlElementWrapper

Generates a wrapper element around XML representation. This is primarily intended to be used to produce a wrapper XML element around collections. So, it must be used with collection property.

@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
public class Employee implements Serializable 
{
  @XmlElementWrapper(name="hobbies")
  @XmlElement(name="hobby")
  private List<String> hobbies;
}

The above will result into:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<employee>
  <hobbies>
        <hobby>Swimming</hobby>
        <hobby>Playing</hobby>
        <hobby>Karate</hobby>
    </hobbies>
</employee>

2. JAXB Annotation Example

Learn to apply JAXB annotations on model classes and then marshal the object into the XML file.

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.List;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAccessType;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlAccessorType;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlElement;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlElementWrapper;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlRootElement;
 
@XmlRootElement(name = "employee")
@XmlAccessorType(XmlAccessType.FIELD)
public class Employee implements Serializable {
 
  private Integer id;
  private String firstName;
  private String lastName;

  private Department department;
   
  @XmlElementWrapper(name="hobbies")
  @XmlElement(name="hobby")
  private List<String> hobbies;
 
 
  //Constructors, Setters and Getters
}

The following code marshals an instance of the Employee class.

import java.io.File;
import java.util.Arrays;
import javax.xml.bind.JAXBContext;
import javax.xml.bind.JAXBException;
import javax.xml.bind.Marshaller;
import com.howtodoinjava.demo.model.Department;
import com.howtodoinjava.demo.model.Employee;
 
public class JaxbExample 
{
  public static void main(String[] args) 
  {
    Employee employee = new Employee(1, "Lokesh", "Gupta", new Department(101, "IT"));
 
    employee.setHobbies(Arrays.asList("Swimming","Playing", "Karate"));
 
    jaxbObjectToXML(employee);
  }
 
  private static void jaxbObjectToXML(Employee employee) 
  {
      try {
          JAXBContext jaxbContext = JAXBContext.newInstance(Employee.class);
          Marshaller jaxbMarshaller = jaxbContext.createMarshaller();
 
          jaxbMarshaller.setProperty(Marshaller.JAXB_FORMATTED_OUTPUT, Boolean.TRUE); // To format XML
 
          //Print XML String to Console
          jaxbMarshaller.marshal(employee, new File("employee.xml"));
           
      } catch (JAXBException e) {
          e.printStackTrace();
      }
  }
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<employee>
    <id>1</id>
    <firstName>Lokesh</firstName>
    <lastName>Gupta</lastName>
    <department>
        <id>101</id>
        <name>IT</name>
    </department>
    <hobbies>
        <hobby>Swimming</hobby>
        <hobby>Playing</hobby>
        <hobby>Karate</hobby>
    </hobbies>
</employee>

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Happy Learning !!