When a Java program is executed, it is executed statement by statement. Generally, all statements are executed sequentially from top to bottom. Sometimes, to apply business logic, we may need to execute statements conditionally, based on the result of an expression evaluation.
Control flow statements help in the conditional execution of specific statements. All control flow statements are associated with a business condition – when true, the code block executes; when false it is skipped.
In Java, a control flow statement can be one of the following:
- A selection statement: if-else or switch-case
- An iteration statement: for, while or do-while
- An exception-handling statement: throw or try-catch-finally
- A branching statement: break, continue, return, yield, or labeled statement
1. Selection Statement
Selection statements are based on an expression evaluation. If the evaluation is true then execute a block, else execute another block.
1.1. if-else Statement
The if-else statement tells the program to execute a certain section of code only if a particular test evaluates to true otherwise else block is executed.
boolean condition = true;
if(condition) {
System.out.println("Condition is true"); //This statement is executed
} else {
System.out.println("Condition is false");
}We can have nested if-else blocks.
int i = 5;
if(i < 0) {
System.out.println("Value of 'i' is Negative.");
} else if(i > 0 && i < 100) {
System.out.println("Value of 'i' is Less Than 100."); //This statement is executed
} else {
System.out.println("Value of 'i' is Greater Than 100.");
}1.2. switch…case Statement
As if-else statement tells the program to execute a certain section of code only if a particular test evaluates to true or false, the switch statement can have multiple execution paths.
The switch…case statement forks the execution flow based on the value of the variable. The break statement allows the switch…case statement to be executed properly else all cases will be executed.
A switch works with the byte, short, char, and int primitive data types. It also works with enumerated types, String, and wrapper classes.
String value = "B";
switch (value)
{
case "A":
System.out.println("Value is A");
break;
case "B":
System.out.println("Value is B"); //This case is executed
break;
default:
System.out.println("Value is neither A nor B");
}Since Java 14, we can write the above switch statement in a less verbose manner.
String value = "B";
switch (value) {
case "A" -> System.out.println("Value is A");
case "B" -> System.out.println("Value is B");
default -> System.out.println("Value is neither A nor B");
}2. Iteration Statement
2.1. while Loop
The while loop statement continually executes a block of statements while a particular condition is true. The while statement continues testing the expression and executing the block until the expression evaluates to false.
int count = 1;
while (count < 5)
{
System.out.println("Count is: " + count); // 1 2 3 4 5
count++;
}2.2. do-while Loop
The difference between do-while and while statements is that do-while evaluates its expression at the bottom of the loop instead of the top. Therefore, the statements within the do block are always executed at least once.
Note that the do-while statement ends with a semicolon. The condition-expression must be a boolean expression.
int i = 1;
int sum = 0;
do
{
sum = sum + i;
i++;
}
while (i <= 10);
2.3. for Loop
The for loop statement iterates repeatedly over a range of values until a particular condition is satisfied.
for(int num = 1; num <= 5; num++) {
//statements
}Java 5 introduced an foreach loop, which is called a enhanced for-each loop. It is used for iterating over elements of arrays and collections.
int[] numList = {10, 20, 30, 40};
for(int num : numList)
{
System.out.println(num);
}3. Exception Handling Statement
In Java, exception classes are used to represent events that disrupt the normal execution flow. Their names typically end with Exception – such as NullPointerException or IOException.
The exception instances can be generated (thrown) either automatically by the JVM or by the application code, using the throw keyword. The try-catch or try-catch-finally constructs are used to capture the thrown exception object and redirect the execution flow to another branch of code. If the thrown exception is not caught, it propagates all the way out to the JVM and forces it to exit.
3.1. try-catch-finally Statement
The exception object thrown from a try block is captured in the corresponding catch block. The code in the finally block is always executed and usually contains the code to release the expensive resources held by the application code.
try {
//open file
//read file
}
catch(Exception e) {
//handle exception while reading the file
}
finally {
//close the file
}3.2 throw Statement
The throw statement is used to throw an exception object from the application code manually.
try
{
throw new NullPointerException("Null occurred");
}
catch (Exception e)
{
System.out.println("catch block");
} 4. Branching Statement
Branching statements allow the breaking of the current execution flow and continuation of execution from the start of the block, the end of the block, or a certain (labeled) point of the control flow.
4.1. break Statement
The break keyword is used to terminate for, while, or do-while loops. It may also be used to terminate a switch statement as shown in the previous sections.
for(...)
{
//loop statements
if(conditional-expression)
break;
}4.2. continue Statement
A continue statement can only be used inside the for, while, and do-while loops. The continue statement skips the statements after it and starts the new iteration in the loop.
for( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++ ) {
if( i % 2 == 0) {
continue; //if i is even, skip the print statement
}
System.out.println("The number is " + i );
}4.3. Labeled Statement
Whenever a labeled break statement is encountered during program execution, then the control immediately goes out of the enclosing labeled block. Similarly, labeled continue will bring control back to the start.
The labeled statements are similar to break and continue statements, with additional names given to the blocks.
hackit:
while (Some condition)
{
if ( a specific condition )
break hackit; //label
else
//normal business logic goes here..
}4.4. yield Keyword
The yield is added in Java 14, and is used inside switch expressions. A yield statement transfers control by causing an enclosing switch expression to produce a specified value.
SwitchExpression:
YieldStatement:
yield Expression;Let us understand with a simple example. In the following example, switch expression is returning a boolean value. The value is true if it is a weekday, else value is false.
Boolean result = switch(day)
{
case MON, TUE, WED, THUR, FRI ->
{
System.out.println("It is WeekDay");
yield true;
}
case SAT, SUN ->
{
System.out.println("It is Weekend");
yield false;
}
};
System.out.println("Result is " + result);5. Conclusion
In this tutorial, we learned the control flow statements available in Java for controlling the program execution. We learned how the conditional expression evaluation determines which block will be executed based on the evaluation result.
Happy Learning !!
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