What is the most usual method of creating an instance of a class in java? Most people will answer this question: “using new keyword“. Well, it is considered old-fashioned now. Let’s see how??
If object creation code is spread in the whole application, and if you need to change the process of object creation then you need to go in each and every place to make necessary changes. After finishing this article, while writing your application, consider using the Java factory pattern.
In my previous post, “Singleton design pattern in java“, we discussed various ways to create an instance of a class such that there can not exist another instance of same class in same JVM.
In this post, I will demonstrate another creational pattern, i.e. Factory pattern, for creating instances for your classes. Factory, as the name suggests, is a place to create some different products which are somehow similar in features yet divided into categories.
In Java, factory pattern is used to create instances of different classes of the same type.
Table of Contents 1. When to implement factory pattern? 2. Factory Pattern Implementation 3. Advantages of factory pattern 4. Final notes
1. When to use factory pattern?
Factory pattern introduces loose coupling between classes which is the most important principle one should consider and apply while designing the application architecture. Loose coupling can be introduced in application architecture by programming against abstract entities rather than concrete implementations. This not only makes our architecture more flexible but also less fragile.
A picture is worth a thousand words. Let’s see how a factory implementation will look like.
Above class-diagram depicts a common scenario using an example of a car factory which is able to build 3 types of cars i.e. small, sedan and luxury. Building a car requires many steps from allocating accessories to final makeup. These steps can be written in programming as methods and should be called while creating an instance of a specific car type.
If we are unfortunate then we will create instances of car types (e.g. SmallCar) in our application classes and thus we will expose the car building logic to the outside world and this is certainly not good. It also prevents us in making changes to car making process because the code is not centralized, and making changes in all composing classes seems not feasible.
2. Java Factory Pattern Example
So far we have design the classes need to be designed for making a CarFactory. Let’s create them now.
2.1. Object types
CarType will hold the types of car and will provide car types to all other classes.
package designPatterns.creational.factory;
public enum CarType {
SMALL, SEDAN, LUXURY
}
2.2. Object implementations
Car is parent class of all car instances and it will also contain the common logic applicable in car making of all types.
package designPatterns.creational.factory;
public abstract class Car {
public Car(CarType model) {
this.model = model;
arrangeParts();
}
private void arrangeParts() {
// Do one time processing here
}
// Do subclass level processing in this method
protected abstract void construct();
private CarType model = null;
public CarType getModel() {
return model;
}
public void setModel(CarType model) {
this.model = model;
}
}
LuxuryCar is concrete implementation of car type LUXURY.
package designPatterns.creational.factory;
public class LuxuryCar extends Car {
LuxuryCar() {
super(CarType.LUXURY);
construct();
}
@Override
protected void construct() {
System.out.println("Building luxury car");
// add accessories
}
}
SmallCar is concrete implementation of car type SMALL.
package designPatterns.creational.factory;
public class SmallCar extends Car {
SmallCar() {
super(CarType.SMALL);
construct();
}
@Override
protected void construct() {
System.out.println("Building small car");
// add accessories
}
}
SedanCar is concrete implementation of car type SEDAN.
package designPatterns.creational.factory;
public class SedanCar extends Car {
SedanCar() {
super(CarType.SEDAN);
construct();
}
@Override
protected void construct() {
System.out.println("Building sedan car");
// add accessories
}
}
2.3. Factory to create objects
CarFactory.java is our main class implemented using factory pattern. It instantiates a car instance only after determining its type.
package designPatterns.creational.factory;
public class CarFactory {
public static Car buildCar(CarType model) {
Car car = null;
switch (model) {
case SMALL:
car = new SmallCar();
break;
case SEDAN:
car = new SedanCar();
break;
case LUXURY:
car = new LuxuryCar();
break;
default:
// throw some exception
break;
}
return car;
}
}
2.4. Test factory pattern
In TestFactoryPattern, we will test our factory code. Lets run this class.
package designPatterns.creational.factory;
public class TestFactoryPattern {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(CarFactory.buildCar(CarType.SMALL));
System.out.println(CarFactory.buildCar(CarType.SEDAN));
System.out.println(CarFactory.buildCar(CarType.LUXURY));
}
}
Program Output.
Building small car designPatterns.creational.factory.SmallCar@7c230be4 Building sedan car designPatterns.creational.factory.SedanCar@60e1e567 Building luxury car designPatterns.creational.factory.LuxuryCar@e9bfee2
As you can see, the factory is able to return any type of car instance it is requested for. It will help us in making any kind of changes in car making process without even touching the composing classes i.e. classes using CarFactory.
3. Benefits of factory pattern
By now, you should be able to count the main advantages of using the factory pattern. Let’s note down:
- The creation of an object precludes its reuse without significant duplication of code.
- The creation of an object requires access to information or resources that should not be contained within the composing class.
- The lifetime management of the generated objects must be centralized to ensure a consistent behavior within the application.
4. Final notes
Factory pattern is most suitable where there is some complex object creation steps are involved. To ensure that these steps are centralized and not exposed to composing classes, factory pattern should be used. We can see many realtime examples of factory pattern in JDK itself e.g.
- java.sql.DriverManager#getConnection()
- java.net.URL#openConnection()
- java.lang.Class#newInstance()
- java.lang.Class#forName()
I hope, I have included enough information in this Java factory pattern example to make this post informative.
If you still have some doubt on abstract factory design pattern in Java, please leave a comment. I will be happy to discuss with you.
Happy Learning !!
Aarti
in factory pattern.
If we have 1 laks sub classes ,then how to create factory.
if else condition,we cant put in factory class for 1 laks subclassess.
Please explain.
Lokesh Gupta
🙂 Very hypothetical usecase. I will pass it to others.
atul m
Can you put here name for those 1 L classes?
Lajpat Bishnoi
We can use Reflection but it is costly and usecase specified by you doesn’t make sense either.
Anyway below is the partial code snipet.
1. Modify CarType enum to include classname as well.
Like for SMALL –> SmallCar etc.
public enum CarType{ SMALL("SmallCar"); private String className; public String getClassName(){return className;} public void setClassName(String className){this.className = className;} private CarType(String className){this.className = className;} } 2. You can iterate over CarType enum. public static Car buildCar(CarType model) { Car car = null; for(CarType carType : CarType.values) { if(model.equals(carType)) { car = Class.forName(carType.getClassName()).getConstructor().newInstance(); break; } } if(null == car){ // throw some exception } return car; }Priyak
If you have 1 lakh subclasses, I think the next step should be to sit down and rethink your design and application domain model !
Nitin
What if we need to add another car type as SUV then we need to change CarFactory which is not good practice as it voilates Open close principle.am i correct?
Shivam Garg
Adding a new CarType should not violate Open Close principle as we are not modifying any functionality of factory class by adding logic to create instance for SUV.
It works as it was working earlier.
Laxmikant
Hi Shivan, Yes you are correct, but CarFactory class changes if we add new car type, So CarFactory class violate OCP,
Instead of if else or for loop, We can create separate factory for each car type and let client decide to choose.
Please share your though on this. Thanks
Priyak Dey
“Software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension, but closed for modification.”
In case of you adding another if -else/ switch case, you are sort of extending the functionality of providing with another type of object but somewhat of the same type (thanks to abstract class/interface).But you are not modifying it.
I build a factory today to produce different kinds of chips, package and sell them. I start with potato chips and then EXTEND to produce banana chips. I am extending my functionality, not modifying the behaviour, I AM STILL A CHIPS FACTORY.
In case you have a library which today provides you with 3 Types of objects, – CAR, if you want to modify it and also provide with a ELECTRIC CAR, you have to recompile and provide the new upgraded jars. But you are still providing cars.
If you completely change/modify the behaviour it will be a problem. I think this is what OCP means. PLease pitch in in case it is wrong. Thanks
Niteen Dhule
Really nice post for Design Pattern begginers
Fabian
Definitely, if it’s “modern” or “up-to-date” to instantiate classes in Java within a switch case statement, you need to change your programming language right now. Consider moving your skills to a professional programming language. You are working very hard in Java. A real software development don’t need to be very hard. Regards.
Lokesh Gupta
Hi Fabian, Thanks for the suggestion but perhaps it will be unnecessary. I really looked up in outer world to find if I am THE alien, but found plenty of guys like this.
I will not say that you are incorrect, but will appreciate if you can express your thoughts with facts/reasons. OR you can suggest your edit in wikipedia page because there I could see the same thing.
tom
Hi Lokesh,
How do you avoid casting after getting back an instance?
LuxuryCar lc= (LuxyryCar) FactoryManager.buildCar(CarType.LUXURY);
Michal
He overrides the “construct” method, so he doesn’t need casting ;-).
Informative post.
Regards,
Michał
Vlad
Thanks a lot!
dev
Hello Lokesh Gupta,
can you tell me how the factory method is use to save the memory in java?
Please tell me about this.
Teja
I might sound silly , why the concrete classes (Sedan,etc) are public. Since we are exposing a factory class to create us instance , it doesn’t make sense to have them public right , any one can create new instance of these classes directly from anywhere, ain’t they ??
Yovel
Just what i was thinking, thanks for leaving a comment.
janakan kanaganayagam
Hi in the original GOF factory pattern, there is a concept of having a creator and a concrete creator. I find this missing in your example. The CarFactory class is of course the concrete creator , but it does not extend from an abstract class / interface (creator)
So is it OK to call it a factory pattern without having the creator / concrete creator
Evaldas
It’s impossible to read this article on Samsung Galaxy 10.1 – the black advert strip jumps to the center of the webpage and covers the article text.
Lokesh Gupta
I am trying to understand the problem. In the mean time, if possible then can you please share a screenshot of the problem.
Praveen Das S
How to reuse the same object? i.e If we call – CarFactory.buildCar(CarType.SMALL) multiple times, it returns a new object for every call.
Regards,
Praveen Das
Lokesh Gupta
Hi Praveen, another question in response to your question. Why would a factory will return the same instance on each request? What’s use of this approach? I believe you will have a good reason for it, so please share with us. It will expand our thought process as well.
To answer your question, you can apply singleton pattern on different Car objects and return from construct() method.
On another thought, you should better using prototype pattern, if you want to save some CPU cycles in car construction process. Singleton simply doesn’t make sense to me.
https://howtodoinjava.com/design-patterns/creational/prototype-design-pattern-in-java/
Praveen Das S
Hi Lokesh, I’m looking at implementing a mailbox which fetches messages at a specific time interval.
Each messages fall under different types of validations, so depending on the NotificationType i call the ValidationFactory.
since there are for ex:22 notifications, and 100 messages, the notifications can be of same type. in this case i should be able to reuse the already created object for that particular NotificationType.
NotificationType would be my enum class.
ValidationService would be the parent class for all validation instances.
ValidationFactory would get me the respective object for the notificationType as input.
Regards,
Praveen
rze
I don’t think that Factory is the pattern you are looking for. However if you really want to use Factory pattern as your approach you should combine it with a caching adapter for the actual Factory which returns the cached instances.
Student
Thanks for this wonderful example. My doubt is why do I get a warning in my IDE that the method “construct()” shouldn’t be called in side the construtor because it’s an overridable method?
I read that it has something to do with inheritance and if other classes extend this class things COULD go wrong down the line if someone overrides that method in another place.
Did I understand correctly the potencial danger here?
iles
There is a danger in doing this and you should not do it (add overridable methods in the constructor)
Effective Java 2nd Edition, Item 17: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it
“There are a few more restrictions that a class must obey to allow inheritance. Constructors must not invoke overridable methods, directly or indirectly. If you violate this rule, program failure will result. The superclass constructor runs before the subclass constructor, so the overriding method in the subclass will get invoked before the subclass constructor has run. If the overriding method depends on any initialization performed by the subclass constructor, the method will not behave as expected.”
Lokesh Gupta
Pretty valid point.
Ryan Chesla
Agreed!
mahantesh hiremath
Thanks Lokesh Gupta ji.
Roman Pereginiak
I guess there is one small mistake (inaccuracy) in your example.
You have to make method constcut() abstract and put it into constructor instead of method arrangeParts():
public Car(CarType model) {
this.model = model;
//arrangeParts(); // remove this. You cold leave it but it just misslead you, it has nothing to design pattern.
construct(); // abstrac method! will be called implementation from interited class.
}
Then constructor LuxuryCar will look like:
LuxuryCar() {
super(CarType.LUXURY);
//construct(); // remove this!
}
Ryan Chesla
Agreed!
Sagar Kumar Tak
dear roman , pls explain i am new to java you told that use construct method in Car class constructor if we do so than how it will display information, because constructor will use this method definition from its own class and in Car class method construct() have empty definition that it is abstract.
Lokesh Gupta
Sagar, Car is an abstract class you cannot create instance of it. You can create instance of classes which “extend Car” e.g. SmallCar. So actually in runtime construct method will be called either from SmallCar, SedanCar or LuxuryCar only. At this stage I would like to suggest you to first brush up the basic java concepts. That will help you in understanding more complex topics. Good Luck !!
Sagar Kumar Tak
thnx
Can you pls suggest me learning link with exercise.
Lokesh Gupta
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/index.html
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/index.html
And Then
https://howtodoinjava.com/java/
Sagar Kumar Tak
thnx boss 🙂
Gogo
I do not agree with you Roman. The example is great.
The consruct() method is for logical code in the inherited Sub-Classes,
while method arrangeParts() is calling in the constructor, if in some cases has needs for that.
Regards
Mirek
Good post, thank you. Could you make it a bit more complex (as part2) in the way, lets say: Car is composed of underframe, engine and body and each of this component is created by factory depending of type of a car. What I’d like to see is how those factories will be used together, where to put it, how to call it. Thanks
Lokesh Gupta
A similar study you will find at: https://howtodoinjava.com/design-patterns/creational/abstract-factory-pattern-in-java/
Mirek
Ok, thanks. What I’m trying to achieve is how to junittest class which have nested classes which have nested classes. Lets say: Service class uses nested Util class and Util class uses nested library class. And that library class is created by hardcoded new LibClass() but I’d like to use factory to easily switch instance to LibTestClass(). That is because LibClass connects to the internet but I’d like to mock it. By factory. Not by EasyMock or so even if it is possible. Lets say in another production environment I’d like to use LibClassDatabase() instead of LibClassHttp()
Søren Tryde Andersen
Awesome stuff! Thanks.
srikanth
Read jus now before interview…really worth it!
Roshan
Thank You. That was useful. 🙂
alupis
This was helpful. Thanks! 🙂
kushi
You did not mention where CarFactory.buildCar() should be called… You have just written the testing part but I suppose the integration part is missed…
Lokesh Gupta
Whenever you want a instance of car, use this method. Integration part.. I don’t fully understand what you are referring to?? Where you want to integrate this example??
kushi
Thanks for ur prompt response… I got it… 1 more ques… In the UML diagram, am not able to understand the relationship between Car and CarFactory…
zikko
yeah the arrow shud be in opposite direction.
sreenath
i do agree , the arrow should be in opposte direction
Ref : see uml diagram in : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_method_pattern
satnam singh
thanks dear