Java NullPointerException

Last Updated:
By: Lokesh Gupta
Java Exception Handling
Java Exceptions

Java NullPointerException (NPE) is an unchecked exception and extends RuntimeException. NullPointerException doesn’t force us to use a try-catch block to handle it.

NullPointerException has been very much a nightmare for most Java developers. It usually pop up when we least expect them.

I have also spent a lot of time while looking for reasons and the best approaches to handle null issues. I will be writing here some of the best practices followed industry-wise, sharing some expert talks and my own learning over time.

Table Of Contents
  1. 1. Why NullPointerException Occur in the Code?
  2. 2. Common Places Where NPEs Occur?
  3. 3. Best Ways to Avoid NullPointerException
  4. 4. NullPointerException Safe Operations
  5. 5. What if we must allow NullPointerException in Some Places

1. Why NullPointerException Occur in the Code?

NullPointerException is a runtime condition where we try to access or modify an object which has not been initialized yet. It essentially means that the object’s reference variable is not pointing anywhere and refers to nothing or ‘null’.

In the given example, String s has been declared but not initialized. When we try to access it in the next statement s.toString(), we get the NullPointerException.

package com.howtodoinjava.demo.npe;

public class SampleNPE
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      String s = null;
      System.out.println( s.toString() );   // 's' is un-initialized and is null
   }
}

2. Common Places Where NPEs Occur?

Well, NullPointerException can occur anywhere in the code for various reasons but I have prepared a list of the most frequent places based on my experience.

  1. Invoking methods on an object which is not initialized
  2. Parameters passed in a method are null
  3. Calling toString() method on object which is null
  4. Comparing object properties in if block without checking null equality
  5. Incorrect configuration for frameworks like Spring which works on dependency injection
  6. Using synchronized on an object which is null
  7. Chained statements i.e. multiple method calls in a single statement

This is not an exhaustive list. There are several other places and reasons also. If you can recall any such other, please leave a comment. it will help others also.

3. Best Ways to Avoid NullPointerException

3.1. Use Ternary Operator

Ternary operator results in the value on the left-hand side if not null else right-hand side is evaluated. It has syntax like :

boolean expression ? value1 : value2;

If the expression is evaluated as true then the entire expression returns value1 otherwise value2.

It is more like an if-else construct but it is more effective and expressive. To prevent NullPointerException (NPE), use this operator like the below code:

String str = (param == null) ? "NA" : param;

3.2. Use Apache Commons StringUtils for String Operations

Apache Commons Lang is a collection of several utility classes for various kinds of operation. One of them is StringUtils.java.

Use the following methods for better handling the strings in your code.

  • StringUtils.isNotEmpty()
  • StringUtils. IsEmpty()
  • StringUtils.equals()
if (StringUtils.isNotEmpty(obj.getvalue())){
    String s = obj.getvalue();
    ....
}

3.3. Fail Fast Method Arguments

We should always do the method input validation at the beginning of the method so that the rest of the code does not have to deal with the possibility of incorrect input.

Therefore if someone passes in a null as the method argument, things will break early in the execution lifecycle rather than in some deeper location where the root problem will be rather difficult to identify.

Aiming for fail-fast behavior is a good choice in most situations.

3.4. Consider Primitives instead of Objects

A null problem occurs where object references point to nothing. So it is always safe to use primitives. Consider using primitives as necessary because they do not suffer from null references.

All primitives have some default value assigned to them so be careful.

3.5. Carefully Consider Chained Method Calls

While chained statements are nice to look at in the code, they are not NPE friendly.

A single statement spread over several lines will give you the line number of the first line in the stack trace regardless of where it occurs.

ref.method1().method2().method3().methods4();

These kind of chained statement will print only “NullPointerException occurred in line number xyz”. It really is hard to debug such code. Avoid such calls if possible.

3.6. Use valueOf() in place of toString()

If we have to print the string representation of any object, then consider not using toString() method. This is a very soft target for NPE.

Instead use String.valueOf(object). Even if the object is null in this case, it will not give an exception and will print ‘null‘ to the output stream.

3.7. Avoid Returning null from Methods

An awesome tip to avoid NPE is to return empty strings or empty collections rather than null. Java 8 Optionals are a great alternative here.

Do this consistently across your application. You will note that a bucket load of null checks becomes unneeded if you do so.

List<string> data = null;
 
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public List getDataDemo()
{
   if(data == null)
      return Collections.EMPTY_LIST; //Returns unmodifiable list
   return data;
}

Users of the above method, even if they missed the null check, will not see the ugly NPE.

3.8. Discourage Passing of null as Method Arguments

I have seen some method declarations where the method expects two or more parameters. If one parameter is passed as null, then also method works in a different manner. Avoid this.

Instead, we should define two methods; one with a single parameter and the second with two parameters.

Make parameters passing mandatory. This helps a lot when writing application logic inside methods because you are sure that method parameters will not be null; so you don’t put unnecessary assumptions and assertions.

3.9. Call equals() on ‘Safe’ Non-null Stringd

Instead of writing the below code for string comparison

if (param.equals("check me")) {
 // some code
}

write the above code like given below example. This will not cause in NPE even if param is passed as null.

if ("check me".equals(param)) {
 // some code
}

4. NullPointerException Safe Operations

4.1. instanceof Operator

The instanceof operator is NPE safe. So, instanceof null always returns false.

This operator does not cause a NullPointerException. You can eliminate messy conditional code if you remember this fact.

// Unnecessary code
if (data != null &amp;&amp; data instanceof InterestingData) {
}
 
// Less code. Better!!
if (data instanceof InterestingData) {
}

4.2. Accessing static Members of a Class

If you are dealing with static variables or static methods then you won’t get a null pointer exception even if you have your reference variable pointing to null because static variables and method calls are bonded during compile time based on the class name and not associated with the object.

MyObject obj = null;
String attrib = obj.staticAttribute; 

//no NullPointerException because staticAttribute is static variable defined in class MyObject

Please let me know if you know some more such language constructs which do not fail when null is encountered.

5. What if we must allow NullPointerException in Some Places

Joshua bloch in effective java says that “Arguably, all erroneous method invocations boil down to an illegal argument or illegal state, but other exceptions are standardly used for certain kinds of illegal arguments and states. If a caller passes null in some parameter for which null values are prohibited, convention dictates that NullPointerException be thrown rather than IllegalArgumentException.”

So if you must allow NullPointerException in some places in your code then make sure you make them more informative than they usually are.

Take a look at the below example:

package com.howtodoinjava.demo.npe;
 
public class SampleNPE {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      // call one method at a time
      doSomething(null);
      doSomethingElse(null);
   }
 
   private static String doSomething(final String param) {
      System.out.println(param.toString());
      return "I am done !!";
   }
 
   private static String doSomethingElse(final String param) {
      if (param == null) {
         throw new NullPointerException(
               " :: Parameter 'param' was null inside method 'doSomething'.");
      }
      System.out.println(param.toString());
      return "I am done !!";
   }
}

Output of both method calls is this:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
 at com.howtodoinjava.demo.npe.SampleNPE.doSomething(SampleNPE.java:14)
 at com.howtodoinjava.demo.npe.SampleNPE.main(SampleNPE.java:8)
 
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException:  :: Parameter 'param' was null inside method 'doSomething'.
 at com.howtodoinjava.demo.npe.SampleNPE.doSomethingElse(SampleNPE.java:21)
 at com.howtodoinjava.demo.npe.SampleNPE.main(SampleNPE.java:8)

Clearly, the second stack trace is more informative and makes debugging easy. Use this in the future.

I am done with my experience around NullPointerException. If you know other points around the topic, please share with all of us !!

Happy Learning !!

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20 thoughts on “Java NullPointerException”

  3. Unable to create service java.lang.NullPointerException

    this is my error

    7306-7306/org.pearlcom E/AndroidRuntime﹕ FATAL EXCEPTION: main
    Process: org.pearlcom, PID: 7306
    java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to create service org.pearlcom.PearlcomService: java.lang.NullPointerException
    at android.app.ActivityThread.handleCreateService(ActivityThread.java:2582)
    at android.app.ActivityThread.access$1800(ActivityThread.java:135)
    at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1278)
    at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
    at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:136)
    at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5021)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:515)
    at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:827)
    at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:643)
    at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method)
    Caused by: java.lang.NullPointerException
    at org.pearlcom.PearlcomService.onCreate(PearlcomService.java:110)
    at android.app.ActivityThread.handleCreateService(ActivityThread.java:2572)
                at android.app.ActivityThread.access$1800(ActivityThread.java:135)
                at android.app.ActivityThread$H.handleMessage(ActivityThread.java:1278)
                at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:102)
                at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:136)
                at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:5021)
                at java.lang.reflect.Method.invokeNative(Native Method)
                at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:515)
                at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(ZygoteInit.java:827)
                at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:643)
                at dalvik.system.NativeStart.main(Native Method)

    MY PEARLCOM SERVICE

    package org.pearlcom;

    import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
    import java.lang.reflect.Method;

    import org.linphone.compatibility.Compatibility;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneAddress;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneCall;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneCall.State;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneCore;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneCore.GlobalState;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneCore.RegistrationState;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneCoreException;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneCoreFactory;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneCoreListenerBase;
    import org.linphone.core.LinphoneProxyConfig;
    import org.linphone.mediastream.Log;
    import org.linphone.mediastream.Version;

    import android.app.Activity;
    import android.app.AlarmManager;
    import android.app.Notification;
    import android.app.NotificationManager;
    import android.app.PendingIntent;
    import android.app.Service;
    import android.content.Context;
    import android.content.Intent;
    import android.content.pm.PackageInfo;
    import android.content.pm.PackageManager.NameNotFoundException;
    import android.graphics.Bitmap;
    import android.graphics.BitmapFactory;
    import android.net.Uri;
    import android.os.Build;
    import android.os.Handler;
    import android.os.IBinder;
    import android.os.SystemClock;
    import android.provider.MediaStore;

    /**
    *
    *
    * @Created by REVO-WISSE on 4/22/2015
    *
    */
    public final class PearlcomService extends Service {
    /* Listener needs to be implemented in the Service as it calls
    * setLatestEventInfo and startActivity() which needs a context.
    */
    public static final String START_PEARLCOM_LOGS = ” ==== Phone information dump ====”;
    public static final int IC_LEVEL_ORANGE=0;
    /*private static final int IC_LEVEL_GREEN=1;
    private static final int IC_LEVEL_RED=2;*/
    public static final int IC_LEVEL_OFFLINE=3;

    private static PearlcomService instance;

    private final static int NOTIF_ID=1;
    private final static int INCALL_NOTIF_ID=2;
    private final static int MESSAGE_NOTIF_ID=3;
    private final static int CUSTOM_NOTIF_ID=4;

    public static boolean isReady() {
    return instance != null && instance.mTestDelayElapsed;
    }

    /**
    * @throws RuntimeException service not instantiated
    */
    public static PearlcomService instance() {
    if (isReady()) return instance;

    throw new RuntimeException(“PearlcomService not instantiated yet”);
    }

    public Handler mHandler = new Handler();

    // private boolean mTestDelayElapsed; // add a timer for testing
    private boolean mTestDelayElapsed = true; // no timer
    private NotificationManager mNM;

    private Notification mNotif;
    private Notification mIncallNotif;
    private Notification mMsgNotif;
    private Notification mCustomNotif;
    private int mMsgNotifCount;
    private PendingIntent mNotifContentIntent;
    private PendingIntent mkeepAlivePendingIntent;
    private String mNotificationTitle;
    private boolean mDisableRegistrationStatus;
    private LinphoneCoreListenerBase mListener;

    public int getMessageNotifCount() {
    return mMsgNotifCount;
    }

    public void resetMessageNotifCount() {
    mMsgNotifCount = 0;
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
    super.onCreate();

    // In case restart after a crash. Main in MainPearlcom
    mNotificationTitle = getString(R.string.service_name);

    // Needed in order for the two next calls to succeed, libraries must have been loaded first
    LinphoneCoreFactory.instance().setLogCollectionPath(getFilesDir().getAbsolutePath());
    LinphoneCoreFactory.instance().enableLogCollection(!(getResources().getBoolean(R.bool.disable_every_log)));

    // Dump some debugging information to the logs
    Log.i(START_PEARLCOM_LOGS);
    dumpDeviceInformation();
    dumpInstalledPearlcomInformation();

    mNM = (NotificationManager) getSystemService(NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
    mNM.cancel(INCALL_NOTIF_ID); // in case of crash the icon is not removed

    Intent notifIntent = new Intent(this, incomingReceivedActivity);
    notifIntent.putExtra(“Notification”, true);
    mNotifContentIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, notifIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);

    Bitmap bm = null;
    try {
    bm = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(), R.drawable.log);
    } catch (Exception e) {
    }
    mNotif = Compatibility.createNotification(this, mNotificationTitle, “”, R.drawable.status_level, IC_LEVEL_OFFLINE, bm, mNotifContentIntent, true);

    PearlcomManager.createAndStart(PearlcomService.this);

    instance = this; // instance is ready once pearlcom manager has been created
    PearlcomManager.getLc().addListener(mListener = new LinphoneCoreListenerBase(){

    @Override
    public void callState(LinphoneCore lc, LinphoneCall call, State state, String message) {
    if (instance == null) {
    Log.i(“Service not ready, discarding call state change to “,state.toString());
    return;
    }

    if (state == State.IncomingReceived) {
    onIncomingReceived();
    }

    if (state == State.CallUpdatedByRemote) {
    // If the correspondent proposes video while audio call
    boolean remoteVideo = call.getRemoteParams().getVideoEnabled();
    boolean localVideo = call.getCurrentParamsCopy().getVideoEnabled();
    boolean autoAcceptCameraPolicy = Preferences.instance().shouldAutomaticallyAcceptVideoRequests();
    if (remoteVideo && !localVideo && !autoAcceptCameraPolicy && !PearlcomManager.getLc().isInConference()) {
    try {
    PearlcomManager.getLc().deferCallUpdate(call);
    } catch (LinphoneCoreException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
    }
    }
    }

    if (state == State.StreamsRunning) {
    // Workaround bug current call seems to be updated after state changed to streams running
    if (getResources().getBoolean(R.bool.enable_call_notification))
    refreshIncallIcon(call);
    } else {
    if (getResources().getBoolean(R.bool.enable_call_notification))
    refreshIncallIcon(PearlcomManager.getLc().getCurrentCall());
    }
    }

    @Override
    public void globalState(LinphoneCore lc,GlobalState state, String message) {
    if (state == GlobalState.GlobalOn) {
    sendNotification(IC_LEVEL_OFFLINE, R.string.notification_started);
    }
    }

    @Override
    public void registrationState(LinphoneCore lc, LinphoneProxyConfig cfg, RegistrationState state, String smessage) {
    // if (instance == null) {
    // Log.i(“Service not ready, discarding registration state change to “,state.toString());
    // return;
    // }
    if (!mDisableRegistrationStatus) {
    if (state == RegistrationState.RegistrationOk && PearlcomManager.getLc().getDefaultProxyConfig() != null && PearlcomManager.getLc().getDefaultProxyConfig().isRegistered()) {
    sendNotification(IC_LEVEL_ORANGE, R.string.notification_registered);
    }

    if ((state == RegistrationState.RegistrationFailed || state == RegistrationState.RegistrationCleared) && (PearlcomManager.getLc().getDefaultProxyConfig() == null || !PearlcomManager.getLc().getDefaultProxyConfig().isRegistered())) {
    sendNotification(IC_LEVEL_OFFLINE, R.string.notification_register_failure);
    }

    if (state == RegistrationState.RegistrationNone) {
    sendNotification(IC_LEVEL_OFFLINE, R.string.notification_started);
    }
    }
    }
    });

    // Retrieve methods to publish notification and keep Android
    // from killing us and keep the audio quality high.
    if (Version.sdkStrictlyBelow(Version.API05_ECLAIR_20)) {
    try {
    mSetForeground = getClass().getMethod(“setForeground”, mSetFgSign);
    } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
    Log.e(e, “Couldn’t find foreground method”);
    }
    } else {
    try {
    mStartForeground = getClass().getMethod(“startForeground”, mStartFgSign);
    mStopForeground = getClass().getMethod(“stopForeground”, mStopFgSign);
    } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
    Log.e(e, “Couldn’t find startGoreground or stopForeground”);
    }
    }

    startForegroundCompat(NOTIF_ID, mNotif);

    if (!mTestDelayElapsed) {
    // Only used when testing. Simulates a 5 seconds delay for launching service
    mHandler.postDelayed(new Runnable() {
    @Override public void run() {
    mTestDelayElapsed = true;
    }
    }, 5000);
    }

    //make sure the application will at least wakes up every 10 mn
    Intent intent = new Intent(this, KeepAliveHandler.class);
    mkeepAlivePendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(this, 0, intent, PendingIntent.FLAG_ONE_SHOT);
    ((AlarmManager) this.getSystemService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE)).setRepeating(AlarmManager.ELAPSED_REALTIME_WAKEUP
    , SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()+600000
    , 600000
    , mkeepAlivePendingIntent);
    }

    private enum IncallIconState {INCALL, PAUSE, VIDEO, IDLE}
    private IncallIconState mCurrentIncallIconState = IncallIconState.IDLE;
    private synchronized void setIncallIcon(IncallIconState state) {
    if (state == mCurrentIncallIconState) return;
    mCurrentIncallIconState = state;

    int notificationTextId = 0;
    int inconId = 0;

    switch (state) {
    case IDLE:
    mNM.cancel(INCALL_NOTIF_ID);
    return;
    case INCALL:
    inconId = R.drawable.phone_call_on;
    notificationTextId = R.string.incall_notif_active;
    break;
    case PAUSE:
    inconId = R.drawable.pause_on;
    notificationTextId = R.string.incall_notif_paused;
    break;
    case VIDEO:
    inconId = R.drawable.conf_video;
    notificationTextId = R.string.incall_notif_video;
    break;
    default:
    throw new IllegalArgumentException(“Unknown state ” + state);
    }

    if (PearlcomManager.getLc().getCallsNb() == 0) {
    return;
    }

    LinphoneCall call = PearlcomManager.getLc().getCalls()[0];
    String userName = call.getRemoteAddress().getUserName();
    String domain = call.getRemoteAddress().getDomain();
    String displayName = call.getRemoteAddress().getDisplayName();
    LinphoneAddress address = LinphoneCoreFactory.instance().createLinphoneAddress(userName,domain,null);
    address.setDisplayName(displayName);

    Uri pictureUri = PearlcomUtils.findUriPictureOfContactAndSetDisplayName(address, getContentResolver());
    Bitmap bm = null;
    try {
    bm = MediaStore.Images.Media.getBitmap(getContentResolver(), pictureUri);
    } catch (Exception e) {
    bm = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(), R.drawable.friends_on);
    }
    String name = address.getDisplayName() == null ? address.getUserName() : address.getDisplayName();
    mIncallNotif = Compatibility.createInCallNotification(getApplicationContext(), mNotificationTitle, getString(notificationTextId), inconId, bm, name, mNotifContentIntent);

    notifyWrapper(INCALL_NOTIF_ID, mIncallNotif);
    }

    public void refreshIncallIcon(LinphoneCall currentCall) {
    LinphoneCore lc = PearlcomManager.getLc();
    if (currentCall != null) {
    if (currentCall.getCurrentParamsCopy().getVideoEnabled() && currentCall.cameraEnabled()) {
    // checking first current params is mandatory
    setIncallIcon(IncallIconState.VIDEO);
    } else {
    setIncallIcon(IncallIconState.INCALL);
    }
    } else if (lc.getCallsNb() == 0) {
    setIncallIcon(IncallIconState.IDLE);
    } else if (lc.isInConference()) {
    setIncallIcon(IncallIconState.INCALL);
    } else {
    setIncallIcon(IncallIconState.PAUSE);
    }
    }

    @Deprecated
    public void addNotification(Intent onClickIntent, int iconResourceID, String title, String message) {
    addCustomNotification(onClickIntent, iconResourceID, title, message, true);
    }

    public void addCustomNotification(Intent onClickIntent, int iconResourceID, String title, String message, boolean isOngoingEvent) {
    PendingIntent notifContentIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, onClickIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);

    Bitmap bm = null;
    try {
    bm = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(), R.drawable.log);
    } catch (Exception e) {
    }
    mCustomNotif = Compatibility.createNotification(this, title, message, iconResourceID, 0, bm, notifContentIntent, isOngoingEvent);

    mCustomNotif.defaults |= Notification.DEFAULT_VIBRATE;
    mCustomNotif.defaults |= Notification.DEFAULT_SOUND;
    mCustomNotif.defaults |= Notification.DEFAULT_LIGHTS;

    notifyWrapper(CUSTOM_NOTIF_ID, mCustomNotif);
    }

    public void removeCustomNotification() {
    mNM.cancel(CUSTOM_NOTIF_ID);
    resetIntentLaunchedOnNotificationClick();
    }

    public void displayMessageNotification(String fromSipUri, String fromName, String message) {
    Intent notifIntent = new Intent(this, MainPearlcom.class);
    notifIntent.putExtra(“GoToChat”, true);
    notifIntent.putExtra(“ChatContactSipUri”, fromSipUri);

    PendingIntent notifContentIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, notifIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);

    if (fromName == null) {
    fromName = fromSipUri;
    }

    if (mMsgNotif == null) {
    mMsgNotifCount = 1;
    } else {
    mMsgNotifCount++;
    }

    Uri pictureUri;
    try {
    pictureUri = PearlcomUtils.findUriPictureOfContactAndSetDisplayName(LinphoneCoreFactory.instance().createLinphoneAddress(fromSipUri), getContentResolver());
    } catch (LinphoneCoreException e1) {
    Log.e(“Cannot parse from address”,e1);
    pictureUri=null;
    }
    Bitmap bm = null;
    try {
    bm = MediaStore.Images.Media.getBitmap(getContentResolver(), pictureUri);
    } catch (Exception e) {
    bm = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(), R.drawable.friends_on);
    }
    mMsgNotif = Compatibility.createMessageNotification(getApplicationContext(), mMsgNotifCount, fromName, message, bm, notifContentIntent);

    notifyWrapper(MESSAGE_NOTIF_ID, mMsgNotif);
    }

    public void removeMessageNotification() {
    mNM.cancel(MESSAGE_NOTIF_ID);
    resetIntentLaunchedOnNotificationClick();
    }

    private static final Class[] mSetFgSign = new Class[] {boolean.class};
    private static final Class[] mStartFgSign = new Class[] {
    int.class, Notification.class};
    private static final Class[] mStopFgSign = new Class[] {boolean.class};

    private Method mSetForeground;
    private Method mStartForeground;
    private Method mStopForeground;
    private Object[] mSetForegroundArgs = new Object[1];
    private Object[] mStartForegroundArgs = new Object[2];
    private Object[] mStopForegroundArgs = new Object[1];
    private Class incomingReceivedActivity = MainPearlcom.class;

    void invokeMethod(Method method, Object[] args) {
    try {
    method.invoke(this, args);
    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
    // Should not happen.
    Log.w(e, “Unable to invoke method”);
    } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
    // Should not happen.
    Log.w(e, “Unable to invoke method”);
    }
    }

    /**
    * This is a wrapper around the new startForeground method, using the older
    * APIs if it is not available.
    */
    void startForegroundCompat(int id, Notification notification) {
    // If we have the new startForeground API, then use it.
    if (mStartForeground != null) {
    mStartForegroundArgs[0] = Integer.valueOf(id);
    mStartForegroundArgs[1] = notification;
    invokeMethod(mStartForeground, mStartForegroundArgs);
    return;
    }

    // Fall back on the old API.
    if (mSetForeground != null) {
    mSetForegroundArgs[0] = Boolean.TRUE;
    invokeMethod(mSetForeground, mSetForegroundArgs);
    // continue
    }

    notifyWrapper(id, notification);
    }

    /**
    * This is a wrapper around the new stopForeground method, using the older
    * APIs if it is not available.
    */
    void stopForegroundCompat(int id) {
    // If we have the new stopForeground API, then use it.
    if (mStopForeground != null) {
    mStopForegroundArgs[0] = Boolean.TRUE;
    invokeMethod(mStopForeground, mStopForegroundArgs);
    return;
    }

    // Fall back on the old API. Note to cancel BEFORE changing the
    // foreground state, since we could be killed at that point.
    mNM.cancel(id);
    if (mSetForeground != null) {
    mSetForegroundArgs[0] = Boolean.FALSE;
    invokeMethod(mSetForeground, mSetForegroundArgs);
    }
    }

    @SuppressWarnings(“deprecation”)
    private void dumpDeviceInformation() {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    sb.append(“DEVICE=”).append(Build.DEVICE).append(“\n”);
    sb.append(“MODEL=”).append(Build.MODEL).append(“\n”);
    //MANUFACTURER doesn’t exist in android 1.5.
    //sb.append(“MANUFACTURER=”).append(Build.MANUFACTURER).append(“\n”);
    sb.append(“SDK=”).append(Build.VERSION.SDK_INT).append(“\n”);
    sb.append(“EABI=”).append(Build.CPU_ABI).append(“\n”);
    Log.i(sb.toString());
    }

    private void dumpInstalledPearlcomInformation() {
    PackageInfo info = null;
    try {
    info = getPackageManager().getPackageInfo(getPackageName(),0);
    } catch (NameNotFoundException nnfe) {}

    if (info != null) {
    Log.i(“Pearlcom version is “, info.versionName + ” (” + info.versionCode + “)”);
    } else {
    Log.i(“Pearlcom version is unknown”);
    }
    }

    public void disableNotificationsAutomaticRegistrationStatusContent() {
    mDisableRegistrationStatus = true;
    }

    public synchronized void sendNotification(int level, int textId) {
    String text = getString(textId);
    if (text.contains(“%s”) && PearlcomManager.getLc() != null) {
    // Test for null lc is to avoid a NPE when Android mess up badly with the String resources.
    LinphoneProxyConfig lpc = PearlcomManager.getLc().getDefaultProxyConfig();
    String id = lpc != null ? lpc.getIdentity() : “”;
    text = String.format(text, id);
    }

    Bitmap bm = null;
    try {
    bm = BitmapFactory.decodeResource(getResources(), R.drawable.log);
    } catch (Exception e) {
    }
    mNotif = Compatibility.createNotification(this, mNotificationTitle, text, R.drawable.status_level, level, bm, mNotifContentIntent, true);
    notifyWrapper(NOTIF_ID, mNotif);
    }

    /**
    * Wrap notifier to avoid setting the pearlcom icons while the service
    * is stopping. When the (rare) bug is triggered, the pearlcom icon is
    * present despite the service is not running. To trigger it one could
    * stop pearlcom as soon as it is started. Transport configured with TLS.
    */
    private synchronized void notifyWrapper(int id, Notification notification) {
    if (instance != null && notification != null) {
    mNM.notify(id, notification);
    } else {
    Log.i(“Service not ready, discarding notification”);
    }
    }

    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
    return null;
    }

    @Override
    public synchronized void onDestroy() {
    LinphoneCore lc = PearlcomManager.getLcIfManagerNotDestroyedOrNull();
    if (lc != null) {
    lc.removeListener(mListener);
    }

    instance = null;
    PearlcomManager.destroy();

    // Make sure our notification is gone.
    stopForegroundCompat(NOTIF_ID);
    mNM.cancel(INCALL_NOTIF_ID);
    mNM.cancel(MESSAGE_NOTIF_ID);

    ((AlarmManager) this.getSystemService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE)).cancel(mkeepAlivePendingIntent);
    super.onDestroy();
    }

    public void setActivityToLaunchOnIncomingReceived(Class activity) {
    incomingReceivedActivity = activity;
    resetIntentLaunchedOnNotificationClick();
    }

    private void resetIntentLaunchedOnNotificationClick() {
    Intent notifIntent = new Intent(this, incomingReceivedActivity);
    mNotifContentIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, notifIntent, PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT);

    if (mNotif != null) {
    mNotif.contentIntent = mNotifContentIntent;
    }
    notifyWrapper(NOTIF_ID, mNotif);
    }

    protected void onIncomingReceived() {
    //wakeup pearlcom
    startActivity(new Intent()
    .setClass(this, incomingReceivedActivity)
    .addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK));
    }

    public void tryingNewOutgoingCallButAlreadyInCall() {
    }

    public void tryingNewOutgoingCallButCannotGetCallParameters() {
    }

    public void tryingNewOutgoingCallButWrongDestinationAddress() {
    }

    public void onCallEncryptionChanged(final LinphoneCall call, final boolean encrypted,
    final String authenticationToken) {
    }
    }

    please help me

    Reply

  4. I am reverse geocoding in a class that extends intentservice. However, when I send the converted address to the main activity it throws the pesky npe besides having a result receive with the appropriate onreceived method. Here is the code
    private void deliverResultToReceiver(int resultCode, String message) {
    //mReceiver = new ResultReceiver(new Handler());
    Bundle bundle = new Bundle();
    try {
    if (message != null || !””.equals(message))
    bundle.putString(Constants.RESULT_DATA_KEY, message);
    mReceiver.send(resultCode, bundle);
    } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
    // TODO Auto-generated catch block
    npe.printStackTrace();
    }
    }

    Reply

    • Is it android specific issue?? If yes, then please post your problem in any android forum. If it’s NPE problem, then please elaborate your problem, it’s not clear with existing description.

      Reply

  5. Another common source of NPE is iterating (especially with for-each loop where it is not so obvious) over a collection that is null, because
    for (T t : collection) { … }
    id expanded into
    for (Iterator i = collection.iterator(); i.hasNext(); ) { … }

    Most likely it happens when someone returns null from a method that is supposed to return a collection. But you have covered this already.

    Reply

    • You are right. That’s why below initializations are often best approach to avoid NPE in such cases.

      List list = Collections.EMPTY_LIST;
Set set = Collections.EMPTY_SET;
Map map = Collections.EMPTY_MAP;

List&lt;String&gt; s = Collections.emptyList();
Set&lt;Long&gt; l = Collections.emptySet();
Map&lt;Date, String&gt; d = Collections.emptyMap();
      Reply

  6. Lokesh,Isnt writing System.out.println(s)(where s is a String initialized as null) equivalent to System.out.println(s.toString()) ?
    but its weird that first doesnt give NullPointerException and second will give NullPointerException.

    Reply

  11. point#6:
    NPE in case calling String,valueOf(null)
    java.lang.NullPointerException
    at java.lang.String.(String.java:177)
    at java.lang.String.valueOf(String.java:2840)
    at exceptionTypes.Test.main(Test.java:12)

    Reply

    • Correct. Because valueOf(….) is overloaded method. Here method calling finds closest match which turns out to be “String valueOf(char data[])” and it internally throws NPE.

      If you use it with object reference (which is suggested in post) then everything will work fine:

      public static String valueOf(Object obj) {
      return (obj == null) ? "null" : obj.toString();
      }

      Reply

  14. very nice blog
    I don’t totally agree with the instanceof part
    if(object instanceof MyClass) will also be true if object = (MyClass) null, which may not be expected, just as a warning 😉 or am I wrong?

    Reply

    • I created two classes Account.java and TestNPE.java

      Below is testing code:

      public class TestNPE
      {
      public static void main(String[] args)
      {
      Account object = new Account(1);
      System.out.println(object instanceof Account);

      object = null;
      System.out.println(object instanceof Account);

      object = (Account) null;
      System.out.println(object instanceof Account);
      }
      }

      Output is:

      true
      false
      false

      So “object = (Account) null;” actually does not make instanceof comparison true.

      Am i missing anything???

      Reply

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