In regex, we can match any character using period "." character. To match only a given set of characters, we should use character classes.
1. Match any character using regex
'.' character will match any character without regard to what character it is. The matched character can be an alphabet, number of any special character.
By default, period/dot character only matches a single character. To create more meaningful patterns, we can combine it with other regular expression constructs.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
| “.” | Matches only a single character. |
| “A.B” | Matches any character at second place in a 3 characters long string where string start with ‘A’ and ends with ‘B’. |
| “.*” | Matches any number of characters. |
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Pattern.compile(".").matcher("a").matches()); //true
System.out.println(Pattern.compile(".").matcher("ab").matches()); //false
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("A.B").matcher("AIB").matches()); //true
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("A.B").matcher("ABI").matches()); //false
System.out.println(Pattern.compile(".*").matcher("AIB").matches()); //true
}
}
Program output.
true false true false true
2. Match fixed set of characters using regex
If we want to match a set of characters at any place, we need to use character classes. e.g. ‘[abc]’ will match a single character which can be either ‘a’, ‘b’ or ‘c’.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
| “[abc]” | Matches only a single character from set of given characters. |
| “[aA]” | Matches character ‘a’, case-insensitive. |
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[abc]").matcher("a").matches()); //true
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[abc]").matcher("ab").matches()); //false
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[abc]").matcher("d").matches()); //false
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[aA]").matcher("a").matches()); //true
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[aA]").matcher("A").matches()); //true
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[aA]").matcher("b").matches()); //false
}
}
Program output.
true false false true true false
3. Match range of characters using regex
If we want to match a range of characters at any place, we need to use character classes with a hyphen between the range. e.g. ‘[a-f]’ will match a single character which can be either of ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’ or ‘f’.
| Pattern | Description |
|---|---|
| “[a-f]” | Matches only a single character in range from ‘a’ to ‘f’. |
| “[a-z]” | Matches only a single lowercase character in range from ‘a’ to ‘z’. |
| “[A-Z]” | Matches only a single uppercase character in range from ‘A’ to ‘Z’. |
| “[a-zA-Z]” | Matches only a single character in range from ‘a’ to ‘z’, case-insensitive. |
| “[0-9]” | Matches only a single number in range from ‘0’ to ‘9’. |
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[a-f]").matcher("b").matches()); //true
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[a-f]").matcher("g").matches()); //false
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z]").matcher("a").matches()); //true
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z]").matcher("B").matches()); //true
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z]").matcher("4").matches()); //false
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[0-9]").matcher("9").matches()); //true
System.out.println(Pattern.compile("[0-9]").matcher("91").matches()); //false
}
}
Program output.
true false true true false true true
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